Anemia en la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal: un objetivo subestimado / Anemia in inflammatory bowel disease

Anemia is the most common extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although there are several causes of anemia in IBD, the two most frequent etiologies are iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease. Despite the high prevalence of anemia in IBD and its significant impact on patient's quality of life, this complication is still underdiagnosed and undertreated by providers. Active screening for anemia, structured assessment, comprehensive management, and multidisciplinary collaboration are needed in IBD patients. The cornerstone of anemia management depends on the underlying etiology along with normalization of inflammatory activity. Although, oral iron is effective for the treatment of mild iron deficiency-related anemia, intravenous iron formulations have a good safety profile and can be used as first-line therapy in patients with active IBD, severe anemia and previous intolerance prior to oral iron. After proper treatment of anemia, careful monitoring is necessary to prevent its recurrence. Herein, we discuss the etiology, screening, diagnosis, therapy selection, and follow-up for anemia in IBD.

Morbilidad posoperatoria asociada a ferropenia y anemia no severa preoperatorias en cirugía cardíaca electiva / Postoperative morbidity associated with iron deficiency and preoperative non-severe anemia in elective cardiac surgery / Morbidade pós-operatória associada à deficiência de ferro e anemia pré-operatória não grave em cirurgia cardíaca eletiva

Introducción: la anemia y la ferropenia son frecuentes en candidatos a cirugía cardíaca y se asocian a peores resultados posoperatorios. Su manejo no está estandarizado. No existen datos locales sobre prevalencia y pronóstico. Objetivo: evaluar si la anemia no severa y la ferropenia se asocian en nuestro medio a peores resultados posoperatorios en cirugía cardíaca electiva. Método: estudio de cohorte prospectivo en dos centros. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años sometidos a cirugía cardíaca electiva. Se conformaron tres grupos: 1) control, 2) ferropenia aislada y 3) anemia no severa. Se consignaron variables clínicas y paraclínicas preoperatorias, intraoperatorias y posoperatorias. Se realizaron análisis uni y multivariados para determinar significancia estadística (p < 0,05). Resultados: se incluyeron 167 pacientes, mediana y distancia IQ 68 años [60-74], 61,68% hombres. FEVI media 59% [45-60], EuroSCORE II 0,96 [0,76-1,35]. Se llevaron a cabo 96 revascularizaciones (57,49%), 39 sustituciones valvulares (23,35%) y 30 combinadas (17,96%), una trombectomía y un implante de tubo aórtico. La prevalencia de ferropenia aislada fue 15,57%, de anemia total 40,72% y de anemia y/o ferropenia 56,29%. El grupo control tuvo menos días de internación (p = 0,0018) y el grupo ferropenia necesitó más volúmenes de glóbulos rojos transfundidos (p = 0,045). En el análisis univariado los grupos 2 y 3 se asociaron a mayores eventos posoperatorios compuestos (OR 2,86, p = 0,03, y OR 2,11, p = 0,03, respectivamente). El grupo 3 se asoció a mayor probabilidad de infección posoperatoria (OR 8,63, 1,03-72,12, p = 0,049). En el análisis multivariado el hematocrito se asoció inversamente a insuficiencia renal (OR 0,61; IC 95% 0,38-0,99, p=0,04) y la edad en forma directa (OR 1,14; IC 95% 1,02-1,28, p=0,02). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de anemia no severa y ferropenia fue alta, se asoció a complicaciones en el posoperatorio y mayor estadía hospitalaria. Es necesario protocolizar su manejo.

Introduction: anemia and iron deficiency are frequent in candidates for cardiac surgery and are associated with poorer postoperative results. Its therapeutic approach is not standardized. There are no local data on prevalence and prognosis. Objective: to assess whether non-severe anemia and iron deficiency are associated with poorer postoperative results in elective cardiac surgery in our patients. Method: prospective cohort study in two centers. Patients > 18 years of age who underwent elective cardiac surgery were included. Three groups were formed: 1) control, 2) isolated iron deficiency and 3) non-severe anemia. Preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative clinical and paraclinical outcomes were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyzes were performed to determine statistical significance (p < 0.05). Results: 167 patients were included, 68 years [60-74], 61.68% men. Mean LVEF 59% [45-60], EuroSCORE II 0.96 [0.76-1.35]. 96 revascularizations (57.49%), 39 valve replacements (23.35%) and 30 combined (17.96%), one thrombectomy and one aortic tube were carried out. The prevalence of isolated iron deficiency was 15.57%, total anemia 40.72% and anemia and/or iron deficiency 56.29%. The control group had fewer days of hospitalization (p = 0.0018) and the ferropenia group needed more red blood cells transfusions (p = 0.045). In the univariate analysis, groups 2 and 3 were associated with higher compound postoperative events (OR 2.86, p = 0.03, and OR 2.11, p = 0.03, respectively). Group 3 was associated with a higher probability of postoperative infection (OR 8.63, 1.03-72.12, p = 0.049). In the multivariate analysis, the hematocrit values ​​were associated with renal failure (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.02-1.28, p = 0.02). Conclusions: the prevalence of non-severe anemia and iron deficiency was high, it was associated with greater complications in the postoperative period and a longer hospital stay. It is necessary to protocolize its therapeutic approach.

Introdução: a anemia e a deficiência de ferro são frequentes em candidatos à cirurgia cardíaca e estão associadas a maus resultados pós-operatórios. Sua abordagem terapêutica não é padronizada. Não existem dados locais sobre prevalência e prognóstico. Objetivo: avaliar se a anemia não grave e a deficiência de ferro estão associadas a maus resultados pós-operatórios em cirurgia cardíaca eletiva em nossos pacientes. Método: estudo de coorte prospectivo em dois centros. Pacientes > 18 anos de idade submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca eletiva foram incluídos. Foram formados três grupos: 1) controle, 2) deficiência de ferro isolada e 3) anemia não grave. Variáveis clínicas e paraclínicas pré-operatórias, intraoperatórias e pós-operatórias foram registradas. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para determinar a significância estatística (p < 0,05). Resultados: 167 pacientes foram incluídos, 68 anos [60-74], 61,68% homens. LVEF média 59% [45-60], EuroSCORE II 0,96 [0,76-1,35]. Foram realizadas 96 revascularizações (57,49%), 39 trocas valvares (23,35%), 30 combinadas (17,96%), uma trombectomia e um tubo aórtico. A prevalência de deficiência de ferro isolada foi de 15,57%, anemia total 40,72% e anemia e/ou deficiência de ferro 56,29%. O grupo controle teve menos dias de internação (p = 0,0018) e o grupo de deficiência de ferro necessitou de mais transfusão de volumes de hemácias (p = 0,045). Na análise univariada, os grupos 2 e 3 foram associados a eventos pós-operatórios compostos mais elevados (OR 2,86, p = 0,03 e OR 2,11, p = 0,03, respectivamente). O grupo 3 foi associado a uma maior probabilidade de infecção pós-operatória (OR 8,63, 1,03-72,12, p = 0,049). Na análise multivariada, o hematócrito foi associado à insuficiência renal (OR 1,14, IC 95% 1,02-1,28, p = 0,02). Conclusões: a prevalência de anemia não grave e deficiência de ferro foi elevada, associada a complicações pós-operatórias e maior tempo de internação. É necessário protocolar sua abordagem terapêutica.

Deficiência de Ferro na Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Reduzida: Fisiopatologia, Diagnóstico e Tratamento / Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

Resumo A deficiência de ferro (DF) ou ferropenia é uma importante comorbidade na insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) estável, e muito prevalente tanto nos anêmicos como não anêmicos. A ferropenia na ICFER deve ser pesquisada por meio da coleta de saturação de transferrina e ferritina. Há dois tipos de ferropenia na IC: absoluta, em que as reservas de ferro estão depletadas; e funcional, onde o suprimento de ferro é inadequado apesar das reservas normais. A ferropenia está associada com pior classe funcional e maior risco de morte em pacientes com ICFER, e evidências científicas apontam melhora de sintomas e de qualidade de vida desses pacientes com tratamento com ferro parenteral na forma de carboximaltose férrica. O ferro exerce funções imprescindíveis como o transporte (hemoglobina) e armazenamento (mioglobina) de oxigênio, além de ser fundamental para o funcionamento das mitocôndrias, constituídas de proteínas à base de ferro, e local de geração de energia na cadeia respiratória pelo metabolismo oxidativo. A geração insuficiente e utilização anormal de ferro nas células musculares esquelética e cardíaca contribuem para a fisiopatologia da IC. A presente revisão tem o objetivo de aprofundar o conhecimento a respeito da fisiopatologia da ferropenia na ICFER, abordar as ferramentas disponíveis para o diagnóstico e discutir sobre a evidência científica existente de reposição de ferro.

Abstract Iron deficiency (ID) is an important comorbidity in heart failure with reduced ejection (HFrEF) and is highly prevalent in both anemic and non-anemic patients. In HFrEF, iron deficiency should be investigated by measurements of transferrin saturation and ferritin. There are two types of ID: absolute deficiency, with depletion of iron stores; and functional ID, where iron supply is not sufficient despite normal stores. ID is associated with worse functional class and higher risk of death in patients with HFrEF, and scientific evidence has indicated improvement of symptoms and quality of life of these patients with treatment with parenteral iron in the form of ferric carboxymaltose. Iron plays vital roles such as oxygen transportation (hemoglobin) and storage (myoblogin), and is crucial for adequate functioning of mitochondria, which are composed of iron-based proteins and the place of energy generation by oxidative metabolism at the electron transport chain. An insufficient generation and abnormal uptake of iron by skeletal and cardiac muscle cells contribute to the pathophysiology of HF. The present review aims to increase the knowledge of the pathophysiology of ID in HFrEF, and to address available tools for its diagnosis and current scientific evidence on iron replacement therapy.

Avaliação da pentoxifilina e do sulfato ferroso no tratamento da úlcera varicosa dos membros inferiores / Evaluation of pentoxifylline and ferrous sulfate for treatment of lower limb venous ulcers

Resumo Contexto A úlcera varicosa (UV) é o estágio mais avançado da doença venosa crônica (DVC) dos membros inferiores (MMII), frequentemente associada a episódios de hemorragia que podem provocar anemia crônica (AC) e retardar a sua cicatrização. Não há, na literatura, trabalhos que avaliem a prevalência da AC nos portadores de UV dos MMII, e poucos trabalhos analisam o uso da pentoxifilina no tratamento das UV dos MMII. Objetivos Avaliar a prevalência da AC nos pacientes portadores de UV de MMII e a resposta terapêutica ao sulfato ferroso (SF) e a associação da pentoxifilina com SF no tratamento adjuvante das UV dos MMII. Métodos Foram avaliados 67 pacientes portadores de UV de MMII atendidos no ambulatório de Cirurgia Vascular do Hospital das Clínicas, Recife, PE. Após as avaliações clínica e laboratorial iniciais, os pacientes diagnosticados com AC foram randomizados em dois grupos: o grupo controle, que recebeu SF (900 mg/dia via oral), e o grupo de estudo, tratado com SF (900 mg/dia via oral) e pentoxifilina (1.200 mg/dia). Todos foram reavaliados após 90 dias. Resultados Entre os pacientes avaliados, 27 (40%) apresentavam AC. Após o tratamento, foram observados aumento dos níveis de hemoglobina e de hematócrito e melhora das taxas da cinética do ferro, assim como a diminuição da profundidade e da área das UV em ambos os grupos, sem diferença estatística. Conclusões Foi encontrada alta prevalência de anemia na população estudada. A associação do SF com a pentoxifilina não se mostrou mais eficaz do que o emprego isolado do SF no tratamento adjuvante da UV dos MMII.

Abstract Background Venous ulcers (VU) are the most advanced stage of chronic venous disease (CVD) of the lower limbs. They are frequently associated with episodes of hemorrhage that can provoke chronic anemia (CA), delaying healing. There are no studies in the literature analyzing the prevalence of CA among patients with VU of the lower limbs and few studies have analyzed use of pentoxifylline to treat VU of the lower limbs. Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of CA in patients with lower limb VU and responses to treatment with ferrous sulfate (SF) compared with a combination of SF plus pentoxifylline as adjuvant treatment for VU of the lower limbs. Methods A total of 67 patients with lower limb VU were recruited from a Lymphedema and Angiodysplasia Clinic at the Hospital das Clínicas, Recife, PE, Brazil. After initial clinical and laboratory assessments, patients diagnosed with CA were randomized into one of two groups: a control group, given SF (900 mg/day oral route), or a study group, treated with SF (900 mg/day oral route) and pentoxifylline (1,200 mg/day). All were reassessed after 90 days. Results Twenty-seven patients (40%) had CA. After treatment, increases were observed in hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, iron kinetics had improved, and both depth and area of VU had reduced in both groups, without statistically significant differences. Conclusions A high prevalence of anemia was detected in the study population. The combination of SF and pentoxifylline was not more effective than SF alone for adjuvant treatment of VU of the lower limbs.

Relación entre anemia por deficiencia de hierro y caries dentales en la comunidad escolar peruana / Relationship between iron deficiency anemia and dental caries in schoolchildren of peruvian native communities

Introduction: children from native communities are exposed to inequities and inequalities in nutrition and oral health. Objective: determine the relationship between iron-deficiency anemia and the prevalence of dental caries among schoolchildren from Peruvian native communities. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted of children from the native communities in Satipo, Junín, Peru. The sample was 120 schoolchildren aged 6-12 years selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and in compliance with the ethical standards of scientific research. Hemoglobin concentration was measured with the system HemoCue®. Evaluation of the nutritional status was based on body mass index. Oral conditions were assessed with the following indicators: rate of tooth decay, loss and fillings, significant caries index, simplified oral health index and index of clinical consequences of untreated dental caries. Data were analyzed with the software STATA v. 14. Association between the variables was estimated with the chi-square test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: mean hemoglobin concentration was 11.9 mg/dl (1.49); prevalence of anemia was 44.16 percent: most schoolchildren were undernourished: 109 (90.83 percent). Prevalence, experience and significance of dental caries was 93.33 percent, 5.23 and 7.51, respectively. An association was observed between iron-deficiency anemia and the prevalence of dental caries (p=0.011). Conclusions: a statistically significant association was found between the variables studied (p> 0.05)(AU)

Introducción: los niños de comunidades nativas están expuestos a las inequidades y desigualdades en nutrición y salud oral. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la anemia por deficiencia de hierro y la prevalencia de caries dental en escolares de comunidades nativas peruanas. Métodos: estudio transversal en niños de comunidades nativas de Satipo, Junín, Perú. La muestra estuvo conformada por 120 escolares de 6 a 12 años, cumpliendo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, según las normas éticas en investigación científica. La concentración de hemoglobina se evaluó a través del sistema HemoCue®. Se evaluó el estado nutricional mediante el indice de masa corporal. Las condiciones orales se evaluaron a través de los indicadores: Índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados, índice de caries significativo, el índice de salud oral simplificado y el índice de consecuencias clínicas de la caries dental no tratada. Los datos se analizaron en el programa STATA v.14, la asociación entre las variables se calculó usando la prueba de chi-cuadrado: p < 0,05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: la concentración promedio de hemoglobina fue de 11,9 mg/dL (1,49), se encontró una prevalencia de 44,16 por ciento de anemia, la mayoría de los escolares presentó desnutrición 109 (90,83 por ciento). La prevalencia, experiencia y significancia de caries dental fue del 93.33 por ciento, 5,23 y 7,51, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación entre la anemia por deficiencia de hierro y la prevalencia de caries dental (p=0,011). Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables estudiadas (p> 0,05)(AU)

Anemia no diabetes mellitus gestacional: implicações na instabilidade genômica / Anemia in gestational diabetes mellitus: implications for genomic instability

Introdução: Evidências têm mostrado uma associação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus. Contudo, a relação entre anemia e Diabetes Mellitus Gestacional (DMG) ainda não está bem estabelecida, bem como sua repercussão na instabilidade genômica. Portanto, objetivou-se verificar a associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG atendidas em um hospital universitário. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres apresentando diagnóstico de DMG que realizaram pré-natal no Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria (RS). Informações referentes ao DMG, anemia e suplementação de ferro foram obtidas nos prontuários. A instabilidade genômica foi avaliada pelo ensaio de citoma em micronúcleos em células bucais (BMCyt). Resultados: Das 44 gestantes avaliadas, 28,6% apresentaram anemia e 79,5% foram suplementadas com ferro. Das gestantes que realizaram suplementação, 75,0% não apresentaram anemia gestacional. Níveis de hemoglobina não se associaram com a instabilidade genomica (p > 0,05), mas foi observada uma associação entre brotos nucleares e os níveis de glicemia (r = 0,977; p = 0,003). Conclusão: Não foi verificado associação entre anemia e instabilidade genômica em mulheres com DMG.(AU)

Introduction: There is evidence of an association between anemia and diabetes mellitus. However, the relationship between anemia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains to be established, as well as its impact on genomic instability. Therefore, we aimed to examine the association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM treated at a university hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study of women with a diagnosis of GDM who received prenatal care at the University Hospital of Santa Maria, southern Brazil. Data on GDM, anemia, and iron supplementation were obtained from medical records. Genomic instability was assessed by the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay. Results: Of 44 pregnant women evaluated, 28.6% had anemia and 79.5% received iron supplementation; of the latter, 75.0% did not have gestational anemia. Hemoglobin levels were not associated with genomic instability (p > 0.05), but an association was found between nuclear buds and blood glucose levels (r = 0.977; p = 0.003). Conclusion: There was no association between anemia and genomic instability in women with GDM.(AU)

Effect of the addition of Moringa Oleifera to fruit drinks on clinical parameters associated with iron deficiency anaemia in schoolchildren

Worldwide, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is one the most significant nutritional maladies, especially in low and middle-income countries. This is mainly due to the associated morbidity, economic implications on the health system and the welfare state. One of the most prevalent causes of IDA in children is insufficient food intake, which has an obvious connection with the social environment. The main strategy in the management of this condition is counteracting such deficiency through the improvement of nutrition and family upbringing. Aiming to explore affordable, novel and straightforward approaches to treat this nutritional condition, we developed a descriptive study associated with the incorporation of Moringa Oleifera in homemade fruit beverages delivered to 32 children from low-income families, in order to assess the evolution of IDA, evaluating specific clinical parameters such as red blood cells volume, as well as hemoglobin, ferritin and serum iron levels, within a two months lapse. At the end of this period, we observed a significant statistical rise in the levels of all the assessed parameters, finding about a 1.3-fold increase in hemoglobin and ferritin levels and in red blood cells volume; serum iron was 1.1 times higher. These findings are demonstrative of the wide spectrum of the medicinal features of Moringa and establish a promising and accessible strategy easy to incorporate into the diet of families of children suffering this pathology(AU)

La anemia ferropénica (AF) es una de las carencias nutricionales más significativas a nivel mundial, especialmente en los países de bajos y medios ingresos, debido principalmente a la morbilidad asociada, las implicaciones en el sistema de salud y el estado de bienestar. Una de las causas más frecuentes de esta deficiencia en los niños es la ingesta insuficiente, que tiene una evidente conexión con el entorno social. La principal estrategia en el manejo de esta afección es contrarrestar esta deficiencia a través de la mejora de la nutrición y la educación familiar. Con el objetivo de explorar enfoques asequibles, novedosos y directos para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, se desarrolló un estudio descriptivo asociado a la incorporación de la Moringa Oleifera en bebidas de frutas caseras que se suministraron a 32 niños de familias de bajos ingresos para hacerle seguimiento a la evolución de la anemia por deficiencia de hierro, evaluando parámetros clínicos específicos como el volumen de células rojas y los niveles de hemoglobina, ferritina y hierro sérico en un lapso de dos meses. Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en los niveles de todos los parámetros evaluados una vez finalizado el período de intervención. Al final del ensayo, observamos un aumento estadístico significativo en los niveles de todos los parámetros evaluados, encontrando un aumento de aproximadamente 1.3 veces en los niveles de hemoglobina y ferritina y en el volumen de los glóbulos rojos; el hierro sérico fue 1.1 veces mayor. Estos hallazgos son una demostración del amplio espectro de las características medicinales de la Moringa y establecen una estrategia prometedora y accesible, fácil de incorporar a la dieta de las familias de los niños que sufren esta patología(AU)

Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis / Síndrome de Piernas Inquietas en enfermedad renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis

ABSTRACT Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent complication of hemodialysis that has been associated with poor quality of life and increased risk for complications. Nevertheless, few studies regarding this entity exist in resource-limited settings. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of RLS among Mexican patients on hemodialysis; and compare these patients with a control group of the same population. Methods: We recruited 105 hemodialysis patients. Restless legs syndrome was diagnosed according to the updated criteria set out by the International RLS Study Group. We selected patients who did not meet the criteria, as controls. Results: We found an RLS prevalence of 18%. The RLS patients had a significantly higher prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and uremic pruritus. None of the patients reported RLS symptoms prior to hemodialysis initiation. Conclusions: Restless legs syndrome is common among Mexican patients on hemodialysis. Larger studies are required to address the impact of RLS in hemodialysis patients.

RESUMEN El síndrome de piernas inquietas (SPI) es una complicación de la hemodiálisis que se ha asociado con menor calidad de vida y riesgo aumentado de complicaciones. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios acerca de esta entidad en escenarios de recursos limitados. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de SPI en pacientes mexicanos en hemodiálisis, y comparar las características con un grupo control de la misma población. Métodos: Reclutamos 105 pacientes en hemodiálisis. El SPI se diagnosticó de acuerdo con los criterios actualizados del grupo de estudio internacional del síndrome de piernas inquietas. Seleccionamos a los pacientes que no cumplieron dichos criterios como controles. Resultados: Encontramos una prevalencia de SPI del 18%. Los pacientes con SPI tenían una prevalencia más alta de anemia ferropénica, y prurito urémico. Ninguno de los pacientes reportó síntomas de SPI previo a iniciar la hemodiálisis. Conclusiones: El SPI es frecuente en pacientes mexicanos en hemodiálisis; se requieren estudios más grandes para evaluar el impacto del síndrome en ésta población.

Potencial associação da doença celíaca com anemia ferropriva refratária em crianças e adolescentes / Association of potential celiac disease and refractory iron deficiency anemia in children and adolescents

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Celiac disease is an enteropathy caused by dietary gluten. The combination of serologic, genetic and histologic data has led to description of other categories of this disease. OBJECTIVE: There are a number of patients with iron deficiency anemia (IDA) that do not respond to iron treatment and may be repeated for many times, Therefore, we aimed to investigate celiac disease in this group. METHODS: In this cross sectional transverse prospective study from August 2011 to February 2013, in a Pediatric care clinic affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 184 children including 92 IDA patients who responded to treatment using iron supplement, 45 non-responding iron deficient patients, and 47 healthy individuals, with the maximum age of 18 years, with written consent from their parents, participated in serologic screening (with Anti-TTG antibody and anti-Endomysial antibody) for celiac disease. Patients with at least one positive serology test underwent multiple mucosal biopsy from bulb and duodenum. RESULTS: Among 184 participants, 19 (10.3%) subjects had positive serologic test for celiac disease, including 13 (28.9%) patients in the group with refractory IDA, 5 (5.4%) patients in the group with treated IDA, and 1 patient in the healthy group. The frequency of positive serologic test in the group with IDA resistant to treatment was prominently higher than the other two groups (P<0.001). Among the patients with positive serologic celiac test who underwent endoscopy and biopsy, no histologic evidence of celiac disease was seen. They were diagnosed as potential celiac disease. CONCLUSION: Frequency of potential celiac disease in patients with refractory IDA was higher than control the subjects. Therefore, we recommend serologic screening for early detection and minimizing the complications of celiac disease and repeated iron therapy for this group.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A doença celíaca é uma enteropatia causada pelo glúten na dieta. A combinação de dados sorológicos, genéticos e histológicos proporcionou a descrição de outras categorias desta doença. OBJETIVO: Há pacientes com anemia por deficiência de ferro que não respondem ao tratamento com ferro mesmo que repetido por muitas vezes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a presença de doença celíaca nestes indivíduos. MÉTODOS: Realizado estudo prospectivo com cruzamento secional transversal, de agosto de 2011 a fevereiro de 2013, em uma clínica de cuidados pediátricos afiliados a Shiraz University Medical Sciences, com 184 crianças incluindo 92 pacientes com anemia por deficiência de ferro que responderam ao tratamento com ferro suplementar, 45 não respondedores e 47 indivíduos sadios, com idade máxima de 18 anos, todos com consentimento informado dos pais. Todos participaram da triagem sorológica (com anticorpos anti-TTG e anticorpo antiendomísio) para doença celíaca. Pacientes com pelo menos um teste de sorologia positiva foram submetidos a biópsia da mucosa múltipla do bulbo e duodeno. RESULTADOS: Entre os 184 participantes, 19 (10,3%) tinham teste sorológico positivo para doença celíaca, incluindo 13 (28,9%) pacientes no grupo com a anemia por deficiência de ferro refratária, 5 (5,4%) pacientes no grupo com anemia por deficiência de ferro tratados e respondedores e 1 paciente do grupo saudável. A frequência de teste sorológico positivo no grupo com anemia por deficiência de ferro resistente ao tratamento foi destacadamente maior do que os outros dois grupos (P<0,001). Entre os pacientes com teste sorológico positivo para doença celíaca submetidos a endoscopia e biópsia, não foi vista nenhuma evidência histológica de doença celíaca. Foram diagnosticados como potencial doença celíaca. CONCLUSÃO: Potencial frequência de doença celíaca em pacientes com anemia por deficiência de ferro refratária foi maior do que nos controles. Portanto, recomendamos testes sorológicos de triagem para a detecção precoce, minimizando as complicações da terapia de ferro repetidas para este grupo.

Resultados perinatales de las pacientes con anemia a la captación del embarazo (enero 2015-diciembre 2016) / Perinatal Outcomes of Patients with Anemia at the Beginning of Pregnancy (January 2015-December 2016)

Introducción: la anemia durante el embarazo se produce como resultado de deficiencias nutricionales y constituye un problema de salud. Es una de las afecciones coincidentes con más frecuencia en el embarazo. Objetivo: describir los resultados perinatales en pacientes con diagnóstico de anemia en el momento de la captación del embarazo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo, en 543 pacientes con anemia atendidas en la consulta de nutrición del Hospital Ginecobstétrico Eusebio Hernández Pérez de La Habana, Cuba, desde enero de 2015 hasta diciembre de 2016. La recolección de la información se realizó mediante entrevista, examen físico, las investigaciones diagnósticas realizadas y las historias clínicas. Resultados: casi la mitad de las pacientes estuvieron representadas por las adolescentes y las mayores de 35 años (45,4 por ciento). Las multíparas iniciaron la gestación con anemia para un 36,6 por ciento. Las nulíparas presentaron infecciones durante el embarazo para un 59,2 por ciento. El 83,9 por ciento de las pacientes con partos anteriores tenían un periodo intergenésico corto. El parto antes del término y el recién nacido con bajo peso al nacer estuvo presente en 15,4 por ciento. No hubo mortalidad materno-fetal. Hubo tres muertes neonatales precoces. Conclusiones: la multiparidad y el período intergenésico corto fueron antecedentes frecuentes en las gestantes con anemia en la captación. La prematuridad y el bajo peso al nacer fueron bajas y no se produjeron muertes maternas ni fetales. La mortalidad perinatal fue a expensas de los recién nacidos menores de siete días(AU)

Introduction: Anemia during pregnancy occurs as a result of nutritional deficiencies and is a health problem. It is one of the most frequently encountered conditions in pregnancy. Objective: Describe the perinatal outcomes in patients with anemia at the beginning of pregnancy. Methods: An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study was conducted in 543 patients with anemia treated at the nutrition clinic of the Eusebio Hernández Pérez Ginecobstetric Hospital, Havana, Cuba, from January 2015 to December 2016. The collection of information was made through interview, physical examination, diagnostic investigations and clinical records. Results: Almost half of the patients were represented by adolescents and those over 35 (45.4 percent). The multiparous women started gestation with anemia (36.6 percent). Nulliparous women had infections during pregnancy (59.2 percent).83.9 percent of the patients with previous deliveries had short intergenic period. Preterm birth and low birth weight newborns were present in 15.4 percent. There was no maternal-fetal mortality but only three early neonatal deaths. Conclusions: Multiparity and short intergenic period were frequent antecedents in pregnant women with anemia at the beginning of pregnancy. Prematurity and low birth weight incidence were low and there were no maternal or fetal deaths. Perinatal mortality was at the expense of infants younger than seven days(AU)

¿Puede usarse el receptor soluble de transferrina para diagnosticar anemia ferropénica y evaluar la respuesta al hierro en lactantes con desnutrición aguda moderada? / Can soluble transferrin receptor be used in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia and assessing iron response in infants with moderate acute malnutrition?

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia del receptor soluble de transferrina (RST) en el diagnóstico de la anemia ferropénica (AF) y en la evaluación de la respuesta al hierro en los lactantes con desnutrición aguda moderada (DAM). Población y métodos. Se reclutó a lactantes con valores de hemoglobina (Hb) inferiores a los valores umbrales de anemia para su edad y con anemia hipocrómica/microcítica observada en el frotis de sangre periférica. La DAM se definió como un puntaje Z de peso/estatura de entre < -2 y -3. Se compararon los valores del hemograma, los parámetros férricos y el RST entre 41 lactantes con DAM y anemia (grupo DA), 32 lactantes con anemia sin DAM (grupo A) y controles saludables (n= 30). Una vez completado el tratamiento de la anemia y la desnutrición, se repitieron las evaluaciones. Resultados. Además de los índices hematológicos compatibles con AF, los valores de hierro sérico (Fe) y saturación de transferrina (ST) eran significativamente menores, mientras que el valor de transferrina era significativamente mayor en los grupos DA y A en comparación con los controles (p < 0,001). Los valores de ferritina y proteína C-reactiva (PCR) eran significativamente más elevados en el grupo DA (p < 0,05 para la ferritina, p < 0,01 para la PCR). El valor medio del RST fue similar en ambos grupos (DA y A) (p > 0,05) y significativamente mayor que en los controles (p < 0,001). Después del tratamiento con hierro, el RST disminuyó en los grupos DA y A (p < 0,001) a valores similares a los observados en los controles. El RST se correlacionó negativamente con la Hb durante todo el estudio (grupo DA: r= -0,350, p < 0,05; grupo A: r= -0,683, p < 0,01). Conclusiones. Dado que los valores del RST en los grupos DA y A disminuyeron después del tratamiento con hierro, consideramos que este parámetro no estuvo afectado por la DAM ni la inflamación y puede usarse, por sí solo, para detectar la AF y supervisar la respuesta al tratamiento en los lactantes con DAM.

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and evaluating iron response in infants with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). Population and methods. Infants withhemoglobin (Hb) levels lower than threshold values for anemia for their ages and hypochromic/ microcytic anemia on peripheral smear were recruited. MAM was defined as weight/height z score < -2 to -3. Complete blood count (CBC), iron parameters and sTfR were compared among 41 infants with MAM and anemia (MA group), 32 infants with anemia without MAM (group A), and healthy controls (n= 30). Following anemia and malnutrition treatment, tests were repeated. Results. Besides hematological indices compatible with IDA, serum iron (Fe) and transferrin saturation (TS) were significantly lower, while transferrin was significantly higher in MA and A groups compared to controls (p <0.001). Ferritin and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly higher in MA group (p <0.05 ferritin, p <0.01 for CRP). Mean sTfR was similar in both MA and A groups (p >0.05) and significantly higher than controls (p <0.001). Following iron treatment, sTfR decreased inboth MA and A groups (p <0.001) to similar values as controls. sTfR was negatively correlated to Hb throughout the study (for MA group, r= -0.350, p <0.05; for A group, r= -0.683, p <0.01). Conclusions. As sTfR values in both MA and A groups decreased following iron treatment, we believe that this parameter was not influenced by MAM or inflammation; and it alone can be used to detect IDA and monitor treatment response in infants with MAM.

Survival and mortality among users and non-users of hydroxyurea with sickle cell disease / Sobrevida e mortalidade em usuários e não usuários de hidroxiureia com doença falciforme / Sobrevida y mortalidad en usuarios y no usuarios de hidroxiurea con enfermedad falciforme

OBJECTIVE: to estimate survival, mortality and cause of death among users or not of hydroxyurea with sickle cell disease. METHOD: cohort study with retrospective data collection, from 1980 to 2010 of patients receiving inpatient treatment in two Brazilian public hospitals. The survival probability was determined using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, survival calculations (SPSS version 10.0), comparison between survival curves, using the log rank method. The level of significance was p=0.05. RESULTS: of 63 patients, 87% had sickle cell anemia, with 39 using hydroxyurea, with a mean time of use of the drug of 20.0±10.0 years and a mean dose of 17.37±5.4 to 20.94±7.2 mg/kg/day, raising the fetal hemoglobin. In the comparison between those using hydroxyurea and those not, the survival curve was greater among the users (p=0.014). A total of 10 deaths occurred, with a mean age of 28.1 years old, and with Acute Respiratory Failure as the main cause. CONCLUSION: the survival curve is greater among the users of hydroxyurea. The results indicate the importance of the nurse incorporating therapeutic advances of hydroxyurea in her care actions. .

OBJETIVO: estimar a sobrevida, mortalidade e causa de morte em usuários ou não de hidroxiureia com doença falciforme. MÉTODO: coorte retrospectiva de 1980 a 2010, de pacientes internados em dois hospitais públicos brasileiros. Determinou-se a probabilidade de sobrevida com Kaplan-Meier, cálculos de sobrevida (SPSS versão 10.0), comparação entre curvas de sobrevida e método Log Rank. Nível de significância p=0,05. RESULTADOS: de 63 pacientes, 87% estavam com anemia falciforme, sendo 39 em uso de hidroxiureia, com média de idade na instituição do fármaco de 20,0±10,0 anos e dosagem média de 17,37±5,4 a 20,94±7,2mg/kg/dia, elevando a hemoglobina fetal. Na comparação de usuários e não usuários de hidroxiureia, a curva de sobrevida foi maior nos usuários (p=0,014). Ocorreram 10 óbitos, com idade média de 28,1 anos, tendo como causa principal a Insuficiência Respiratória Aguda. CONCLUSÃO: a curva de sobrevida é maior nos usuários de hidroxiureia. Os resultados apontam a importância do enfermeiro incorporar avanços terapêuticos da hidroxiureia em suas ações assistenciais. .

OBJETIVO: estimar la sobrevida, la mortalidad y la causa de muerte de usuarios y no usuarios de hidroxiurea con enfermedad falciforme. MÉTODO: cohorte retrospectiva de 1980 a 2010 de pacientes internados en dos hospitales públicos brasileños. Se determinó la probabilidad de sobrevida con Kaplan-Meier, cálculos de sobrevida (SPSS versión 10.0), comparación entre curvas de sobrevida, método Log Rank. Nivel de significado p=0,05. RESULTADOS: de 63 pacientes, 87% estaban con anemia falciforme, siendo que 39 usaban hidroxiurea, promedio de edad en la institución del fármaco de 20,0±10,0 años y dosificación promedio de 17,37±5,4 a 20,94±7,2mg/kg/día, elevando la hemoglobina fetal. En la comparación de usuarios y no usuarios de hidroxiurea, la curva de sobrevida fue mayor en los usuarios (p=0,014). Ocurrieron 10 muertes, edad promedio de 28,1 años, siendo la Insuficiencia Respiratoria Aguda la causa principal. CONCLUSIÓN: la curva de sobrevida es mayor en los usuarios de hidroxiurea. Los resultados apuntan la importancia de que el enfermero incorpore los avances terapéuticos de la hidroxiurea en sus acciones asistenciales. .

Iron deficiency and anemia are associated with low retinol levels in children aged 1 to 5 years / Deficiência de ferro e anemia estão associadas com baixos níveis de retinol em crianças de 1 a 5 anos

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence of anemia and iron deficiency in children aged 1 to 5 years and the association of these events and retinol deficiency. METHODS: This was an observational analytic cross-sectional study conducted in Vitoria, ES, Brazil, between April and August of 2008, with healthy children aged 1 to 5 years (n = 692) that lived in areas covered by primary healthcare services. Sociodemographic and economic conditions, dietary intake (energy, protein, iron, and vitamin A ingestion), anthropometric data (body mass index-for-age and height-for-age), and biochemical parameters (ferritin, hemoglobin, and retinol serum) were collected. RESULTS: The prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and retinol deficiency was 15.7%, 28.1%, and 24.7%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed a higher prevalence of anemia (PR: 4.62, 95% CI: 3.36, 6.34, p < 0.001) and iron deficiency (PR: 4.51, 95% CI: 3.30, 6.17, p < 0.001) among children with retinol deficiency. The same results were obtained after adjusting for socioeconomic and demographic conditions, dietary intake, and anthropometric variables. There was a positive association between ferritin vs. retinol serum (r = 0.597; p < 0.001) and hemoglobin vs. retinol serum (r = 0.770; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Anemia and iron deficiency were associated with low levels of serum retinol in children aged 1 to 5 years, and a positive correlation was verified between serum retinol and serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels. These results indicate the importance of initiatives encouraging the development of new treatments and further research regarding retinol deficiency. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar a ocorrência de anemia e de deficiência de ferro em crianças de 1 a 5 anos e a associação destes desfechos com a deficiência de retinol. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo observacional analítico do tipo transversal, realizado no município de Vitória - ES, entre abril e agosto de 2008, com crianças (n = 692) saudáveis de 1 a 5 anos, residentes em áreas de abrangência de Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Foram avaliados dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, dietéticos (ingestão de energia, proteína, ferro e vitamina A), antropométricos (índice de massa corporal-por-idade e estatura-por-idade) e bioquímicos (níveis séricos de ferritina, hemoglobina e retinol). RESULTADOS: Detectou-se anemia, deficiência de ferro e deficiência de retinol em 15,7%, 28,1% e 24,7% das crianças, respectivamente. A análise univariada evidenciou maior ocorrência de anemia (RP: 4,62; IC 95%: 3,36; 6,34, p < 0.001) e de deficiência de ferro (RP: 4,51; IC 95%: 3,30; 6,17, p < 0.001) entre crianças que apresentavam deficiência de retinol. As mesmas relações se mantiveram após o ajuste pelas variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas, dietéticas e antropométricas. Houve relação positiva entre os valores de ferritina sérica vs. retinol (r = 0,597; p < 0,001) e hemoglobina vs. retinol (r = 0,770; p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: A anemia e a deficiência de ferro mostraram-se associadas com baixos níveis de retinol em crianças de 1 a 5 anos, e houve correlação positiva dos níveis de retinol com os de ferritina sérica e hemoglobina. Isto torna importante iniciativas que estimulem o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos e a ampliação de pesquisas em relação à deficiência ...

Iron Deficiency is an Ominous Predictor of Mortality in Elderly Patients with Stable Heart Failure: a Community Based Study.

Background: Iron deficiency (ID) has been shown to be linked with poor outcomes within heart failure (HF) populations in previous clinical trials. The impact of ID has not been evaluated in stable chronic heart failure (HF) patients in the community. Our objective was to study the role of ID in stable HF patients and its impact on short term survival. Methods: In this study we analysed 512 patients with stable HF under the care of a regional nurse-led community heart failure team. The study started in June 2007 and ended in June 2010. Results: There were 92% of patients on loop diuretics; 83% on ACE Inhibitors, 92% on b- blockers and 48% on aldosterone antagonists. Mean age of the patients was 77.9 years, 43% were females and mean NYHA class was 2.2. Absolute Iron deficiency (ID) and anemia were defined as ferritin <100μg/L and hemoglobin (Hb)<12g/dl, respectively. Mean Hb levels were 14.1; 13.9; 14.0 and 13.7g/dL at 0, 6, 12 and 24 months. Mean serum ferritin levels in the entire study population were 212μg/L at the start, and 197μg/L at the end. The prevalence of ID and anemia was 21.3% and 9.4%at the start, and was 21.5% and 8.4% at the end of the study. The prevalence of ID was 63%vs. 19% in subjects with vs. without anemia [p<0.001]. Risk-adjusted hazard ratios for 24-month mortality were 1.42 (95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.98) for ID and 1.05 (95% confidence interval; 0.87-1.51) for anemic patients respectively. Conclusions: In our study, ID was prevalent in stable HF patients in the community and was linked with poor clinical outcomes. In addition, ID was a predictor for mortality than additionally to anemia.

Telogen effluvium.

Telogen effluvium (TE) is one of the most common causes of diffuse nonscarring hair loss. In its acute form, it generates a lot of anxiety in the patient, which can be signifi cantly allayed with a confi dent diagnosis. In its more chronic form, however, the hair loss may go unnoticed for long periods of time. Here in, the dermatologist’s role in differentiating it from the more common patterned hair loss is signifi cant. Differentiating TE from other causes of diffuse nonscarring hair loss can indeed be a daunting task and TE is often used as a waste basket diagnosis. A number of factors have been implicated in the causation of TE, however, clear evidence in their support is lacking. The role of stress as a causative factor as well as the result of hair loss needs to be adequately understood. This review aims at summarizing our current level of knowledge with respect to this very common cause of hair loss. An attempt is made to help the readers reliably differentiate TE from other causes of diffuse nonscarring hair loss. The possible causative factors, pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical presentation, and possible treatment options are discussed.

Anemia, insuficiência cardíaca e manejo clínico baseado em evidências / Anemia, heart failure and evidence-based clinical management

A anemia é uma comorbidade prevalente e marcadora de pior prognóstico em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Sua relevância clínica, bem como a fisiopatologia e abordagem terapêutica nesses pacientes são temas de destaque na literatura especializada. Nessa revisão são descritos os conceitos atuais sobre a fisiopatologia da anemia na IC, os critérios diagnósticos e as indicações da suplementação de ferro, ao mesmo tempo em que são analisados criticamente os principais estudos que ofereceram evidências sobre os benefícios dessa suplementação. São abordados os quatro componentes principais da anemia: doença crônica, dilucional, "renal" e disabsortiva. Nos pacientes com IC, os critérios para o diagnóstico são os mesmos utilizados na população geral: níveis de ferritina sérica inferiores a 30 mcg/L em pacientes não nefropatas e menores que 100 mcg/L ou ferritina sérica entre 100-299 mcg/L com saturação de transferrina menor que 20% em pacientes com doença renal crônica. Finalmente, são discutidas as possibilidades terapêuticas da anemia nessa população específica de pacientes.

Anemia is a prevalent comorbidity and marker of a poorer prognosis in patients with heart failure (HF). Its clinical relevance, as well as its pathophysiology and the clinical management of these patients are important subjects in the specialized literature. In the present review, we describe the current concepts on the pathophysiology of anemia in HF, its diagnostic criteria, and the recommendations for iron supplementation. Also, we make a critical analysis of the major studies showing evidences on the benefits of this supplementation. The four main components of anemia are addressed: chronic disease, dilutional, "renal" and malabsorption. In patients with HF, the diagnostic criteria are the same as those used in the general population: serum ferritin levels lower than 30 mcg/L in patients without kidney diseases and lower than 100 mcg/L or serum ferritin levels between 100-299 mcg/L with transferring saturation lower than 20% in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Finally, the therapeutic possibilities for anemia in this specific patient population are discussed.

Anemia de las enfermedades crónicas asociada a obesidad: papel de la hepcidina como mediador central / Hepcidin as a central mediator of anemia of chronic diseases associated with obesity

Recent evidence suggests that obesity-related inflammation may play a central role in hepcidin regulation. Hepcidin is a key regulator ofiron homeostasis and has now been suggested as a central mediator ofiron metabolism disorders involved in the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease. In this review, we focus on subclinical inflammation in obesity and its effect on hepcidin levels, as the most plausible explanation for the relationship between anemia of chronic disease and obesity.

Lesiones de cameron: experiencia clínica / Cameron lesions: clinical experience

Es importante considerar a las lesiones de Cameron dentro del diagnóstico diferencial de causas de anemia por deficiencia de hierro secundarias a pérdidas gastrointestinales. Presentamos los datos demográficos, los hallazgos clínico-patológicos y el manejo terapéutico de pacientes con úlceras de Cameron evaluados en una clínica privada de Lima, Perú. Doce pacientes, nueve de ellos hombres, fueron incluidos en el reporte. La media de la edad al momento del diagnostico fue de 71 años (rango de edades 49-91 años). Cinco pacientes tuvieron anemia, uno de ellos catalogado como anemia severa. 91.7% de los pacientes presentaron hernias hiatales gigantes. Todos los pacientes con anemia tenían hiatos herniarios gigantes. Dos pacientes tuvieron pruebas positivas para infección por H. pylori. Dos pacientes refirieron crónico de anti-inflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES). Conclusiones: Las úlceras de Cameron son lesiones causantes de sangrado gastrointestinal crónico, y deben considerarse en el estudio de pacientes con anemia por déficit de hierro.

Cameron lesions are becoming an increasingly important diagnosis in the evaluation of patients with iron deficiency anemia. We describe the demographic data, clinico-pathologic features and therapeutic outcome of a group of patients with Cameron lesions at a single private practice clinic in Lima, Peru. Twelve patients (9 men) were included in the report Median age at diagnosis was 71 years (range 49-91). Five patients had anemia and one of them had severe anemia. 91.7% of our patients presented with large hiatal hernias. There were 5 patients with anemia and large hernias. Two patients tested positive for H.pylori. Two patients reported chronic gastrointentestinal bleeding and should be kept in mind in the study of patients with iron deficiency anemia.

Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in iron deficiency anaemia of pregnancy – A pilot study.

Background & objectives: Despite routine iron supplementation and promotion of diet modification, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) remains widely prevalent in our antenatal population. Recent studies in pediatric population have highlighted the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in IDA. This study was undertaken to study the effect of eradication therapy in H. pylori infected pregnant women with IDA. Methods: Randomized placebo-controlled double blind clinical trial was done on 40 antenatal women between 14-30 wk gestation, with mild to moderate IDA and having H. pylori infection, as detected by stool antigen test. These women were randomly divided into group I (n=20): H. pylori treatment group (amoxicillin, clarithromycin, omeprazole for 2 wk) and group II (n=20): placebo group. Both groups received therapeutic doses of iron and folic acid. Outcome measures were improvement in haematological parameters and serum iron profile after 6 wk of oral iron therapy. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency in pregnant women with mild to moderate anaemia was 39.8 per cent (95% CI 35.7, 44.3); and 62.5 per cent (95% CI 52, 73) of these pregnant women with IDA were infected with H. pylori. After 6 wk of therapeutic oral iron and folic acid supplementation, the rise in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, serum iron and percentage transferrin saturation was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the group given H. pylori eradication therapy as compared to the placebo group. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed a high occurrence of H. pylori infection in pregnant women with IDA. Eradication therapy resulted in significantly better response to oral iron supplementation among H. pylori infected pregnant women with IDA.